Dovetail Jig

identity

Name: Dovetail jig (router-guided).
Definition (review fix 1): a fixture or template system that guides a router, or guides work past a router, to cut mating dovetail members. It is a functional category, not one anatomy. At minimum it covers:

• single-pass fixed-comb half-blind fixtures — both boards clamped and cut together, commonly with one dovetail bit [DJ25];
• two-pass guide-bushing through/half-blind fixtures — a dovetail bit for tails and, for through dovetails, a straight bit for pins [DJ24];
• movable-finger jigs (Grisley/Leigh) [DJ7][DJ24];
• two-template bearing-guided systems (Keller) — two templates, two bits each carrying a shank-mounted bearing, no router-base guide bushing [DJ5][DJ27][DJ28];
• router-table templates where the router is fixed and the work/template moves;
• non-template carriages such as Strong's slide-bar mount [DJ4].

Alternate names: router dovetail jig; template dovetail jig. Not the hand-saw dovetail guide (a kerf guide for a hand saw, e.g. US 4,462,440), noted only to rule it out.
One-line: A fixture that controls the router cutter's path relative to the work so that pins and tails come out to the template's geometry rather than being sawn and chiselled by hand.

Required kit fields (review fix 1 and matching notes): router_orientation (handheld / table) · guide_system (base bushing / bit bearing / other) · template_configuration · joint_modes · single_or_two_pass · tail_bit · pin_bit · nominal_bit_angle · bit_diameter · working_depth · shank · guide_diameter · required_router_configuration and collet · max_stock_width · stock_thickness_range · fit_adjustment_method · spacing_control (fixed_pitch / variable_layout) · workholding · backer_requirement.

✦ how NOT to use it

dangerous (injures the operator) — the holding finding, rebuilt per review fix 2

This is a powered-router fixture. The controls below are this entry's own, from the Leigh D4R Pro safety chapter [DJ26s] and the reviewer's safety notes; the Router entry adds router-general detail (feed direction, climb cuts, collet seating) but is not a substitute.

• Follow both manuals — the jig's and the router's.
• Disconnect power before installing or adjusting cutters, collets, guide bushings, bearings, templates or stops [DJ26s].
• Prove clearance before power. With the router unplugged, rotate the bit and check the assembly through the whole planned path: the cutter and collet must not be able to touch the guide bushing, template, guide fingers, clamps or jig body [DJ26s].
• Confirm exact compatibility and seating — bit, template and guide matched per the manual; bit fully and correctly seated in the collet.
• Inspect before use — cutter, bearing or bushing, template and fingers, clamps, fasteners and cord. Do not use damaged guide surfaces or a bearing that does not spin freely.
• Mount the jig securely and clamp and support every workpiece; use a sound backer where the manual requires one.
• Hands out of the cutter path throughout the cut.
• Wait for the bit to stop completely before lifting the router or reaching for the work.
• Wear approved eye and hearing protection and control harmful dust [DJ26s].

Quarantined, not relied on: a Router Forums account of a user who reached for work before a bit stopped and needed stitches [DJ18] — search-synthesized, original post not fetched. Control 8 stands on the manufacturer instructions, not on this anecdote.

not-for

• Structural use without a design basis (review fix 11). A conventional drawer-corner jig does not automatically qualify a joint for chair or frame loading; match structural applications by documented joint design and load direction. This does not exclude sliding, housed/tapered or appropriately engineered dovetails.
• Joint modes, stock or layouts the specific jig does not support.
• Work where a machine-regular layout is unacceptable to the maker — a stylistic judgment some reproduction makers hold [DJ14].

damaging (ruins the tool, jig or work)

• Wrong bushing-to-bit offset on shop-made templates — ruined templates or work [DJ16].
• Bit depth miscalibration on modes where depth sets fit — joints that do not seat [DJ19][DJ26].
• Bit or cutter exposure that lets the cutter reach template or clamp hardware — damage to the jig as well as the work; a Router Forums account describes one such case (search-synthesized) [DJ20]. Prevented by control 3 above.
• Template and guide wear (review fix 12). In correct setup the cutter should not contact the template [DJ16][DJ21], but material, contamination, a seized bearing, rubbing and fastener damage can all matter — inspect templates and fingers, bushings and bearings, clamps and fasteners before use. (The former "should never wear" / "almost always setup error" claims are withdrawn as stronger than the sources.)

beginner-trap

• Expecting the wrong setup burden for your system — on adjustable-finger and many fixed-comb setups, test joints and iterative adjustment are normal; practitioners report scrap-heavy calibration and some abandon the tool there [DJ22][DJ23][DJ13]. On bearing-guided and some single-pass modes, much less is needed [DJ25][DJ27].
• Not recording settings once a good fit is achieved [DJ22].
• Hardcoding an offset or bit angle from another jig — see anatomy (review fixes 6, 7).

lineage-misuse

• Carrying one mode's setup onto another — through vs half-blind, single-pass vs variable, bushing vs bearing systems each have their own registration, bits and fit adjustment [DJ24][DJ25][DJ26].
• Assuming box-joint and dovetail output from the same jig are strength-interchangeable, or the reverse (review fix 11). Matthias Wandel's tests are one practitioner's comparison with stated geometry: his first test disadvantaged the dovetail (fewer, non-through fingers), and his later tests found only a small difference between coarse box and dovetail joints, too small for a strong conclusion [DJ17]. His own view — "to use a dovetail joint for the sake of strength is obsolete... the main reason to use dovetail joints nowadays is for their looks" — is his opinion, not a general rule.
• Expecting hand-work mid-cut correction from a template process — the jig cuts to the template geometry once set; correction happens in setup [DJ13].

correct use

(Brief — the workbench holds the deep operation.)

Use the jig for the joint modes, stock range and bits its manual lists, after the safety gate below. Set up on test stock where the system requires it, and record the settings (cut and label a sample) once a good fit is achieved [DJ22]. Whether it is the right choice for a one-off depends on the jig type, the joint mode and whether a verified setup already exists — not on a categorical volume threshold (review fix 5).

✦ matching

does: cuts mating dovetail members — through, half-blind, and other modes — only as the exact jig and accessory/manual support them; on many systems, box/finger joints with the specified bit or accessory.

suits: drawer and box corners within the jig's capacity; repeat production once a verified setup is established; regular layouts, or model-supported variable layouts.

conditional (named systems only): one-off work; curved or angled work; unlimited-width indexing; router-table use; rabbeted fronts; compound angles; production batching.

kit-fit (match gate): the jig's own manual and the router's manual; the exact tail bit and pin bit by bit number, nominal angle, diameter, working depth and shank; the exact guide bushing or bearing; the template; the router base/collet configuration; stock width and thickness; the joint mode; workholding and any required backer; eye, hearing and dust protection. A mismatched bit cannot produce mating geometry and can strike the jig.

direct exclusions: any bit, bushing/bearing, template, collet, board thickness, joint mode or router orientation not listed as compatible; inadequately clamped or supported work; damaged guide surfaces or seized bearings; any cutter path that can strike jig hardware; structural applications without a design and load basis.

substitutes for hand-cut dovetails — compared by desired layout, visible signature, quantity, setup state, correction tolerance, skill and finish, not by a legitimacy or speed hierarchy.

access: the gate below is mandatory. Beyond that, setup burden varies by system: adjustable-finger and some fixed-comb setups need test joints and patience; bearing-guided and some single-pass modes much less [DJ25][DJ27][DJ28].

revival: a current, manufactured product family. Its existence has made hand-cut dovetails a deliberate, identity-carrying choice rather than a default.

anatomy

Variant-based (the reviewer's mechanical notes). Use "guide finger" for the template, and "pin," "tail," "socket" and "box-joint finger" for the joint.

• Template / guide fingers — fixed comb (Hartmann/Porter-Cable), matched template pair (Keller), or movable guide fingers on a beam (Grisley/Leigh) [DJ2][DJ5][DJ7].
• Guide system (alternatives, review fix 1): a guide bushing mounted in the router sub-base and riding the template, or a guide bearing mounted on the bit shank at the cutter's diameter (Keller) [DJ5][DJ27]. The bearing removes bushing centering and offset issues but introduces bearing condition and exact bit/template matching.
• Tail bit — a dovetail cutter.
• Pin bit — for through dovetails on two-pass systems, commonly a matching straight bit (Leigh D4R Pro through dovetails) or a second bearing-guided bit (Keller) [DJ24][DJ27]. Single-pass half-blind modes may cut both members with one dovetail bit [DJ25].
• Bit angle (review fix 7): bits are labelled by nominal dovetail angle, not a doubled "included" angle. Angle is joint-mode- and template-specific: Leigh's D4R Pro through-dovetail finger geometry calls for 8° bits and it supplies 14° for half-blind work [DJ24][DJ26]; Keller currently sells, among others, a 7° bearing-guided bit for the 2200 system [DJ30]. Leigh's early TD515→TD514 change was a 15°→14° switch on that product [DJ9]. Never generalize a 14–15° range.
• Clamps, stops, spacers, fence — hold the boards in the registration the template requires. Offsets are jig- and mode-specific (review fix 6): register and offset boards exactly as the specific template or manual requires; simultaneous half-blind modes commonly use matched stops or spacers (Leigh's single-pass mode uses a supplied spacer and stop rod) [DJ25]. No universal ½" value; variable half-blind work on the D4R Pro cuts tail and pin boards in separate orientations [DJ24].
• Fit adjustment (system-specific): Leigh through-dovetail fit changes with finger-assembly position; Leigh half-blind fit changes with bit depth; Leigh box-joint fit uses an elliptical bushing; Keller describes fit as fixed by matched template/bearing geometry [DJ26][DJ27].
• Offset math (shop-made templates only): offset = (bushing OD − bit diameter) ÷ 2 [DJ16].

variations (living)

• Fixed-comb half-blind / through templates (Hartmann/Porter-Cable type) — fixed pitch; setup and fit per the manual [DJ2].
• Keller two-template bearing-guided system (review fix 4) — fixed profile and pitch, but layout can vary by skipping template positions or shifting the template, with indexing for unlimited width; two templates, two bearing-guided bits, no router-base bushing [DJ27][DJ28]. Cost comparisons only against dated products of equivalent capacity (the former "generally cheaper" is withdrawn as unsourced).
• Movable-finger jigs (Leigh) — variable spacing and member size; mode-specific accessories for through, half-blind, sliding, box/finger, and mortise-and-tenon work [DJ7][DJ26]. Trade press credits Leigh's mid-1980s D1258 with doing through and half-blind with the same fingers [DJ9].
• Slide-carriage mounts (Strong) — router on an adjustable carriage, no template [DJ4].
• Router-table template systems — router fixed, work/template moves.
• Production-tier machined jigs (Porter-Cable Omnijig) [DJ11].

Capabilities are separate, not generic promises: through, half-blind, single-pass half-blind, sliding, box/finger, angled, curved and unlimited-width work each belong to named systems and accessories.

trades

• Cabinetmaking / furniture-making — drawer boxes above all.
• Small-shop and production furniture — production-positioned jigs (Omnijig) and reported Keller production use [DJ6][DJ11].
• Box-making and small casework.

lineage

Pre-router industrial context — a different mechanism.

• Samuel Thomas Armstrong, dovetail-cutting machine, patented c. 1866–67 — read via DATAMP, which records the identifier as "GB 186,602,001, 2 Aug 1866." That identifier is not a normal readable British citation (review fix 10); secondary sources describe the machine as patented about 1866 or in 1867. Carried as the earliest dovetail-cutting-machine patent located in this review, pending normalization to the archive's exact identifier, jurisdiction, and application/specification/grant labels. Helical saw blades on rotating cutter blocks; DATAMP reports it was shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, built by Thomas Robinson & Son [DJ1]. Context, not a mechanical ancestor of the router jig.

Router-guided patent chronology — disclosed designs, not proof of manufacture or corporate continuity (review fix 9).

• 1926/27 — Ray L. Carter, US 1,651,510, "Dovetailing mechanism," Phoenix, New York; filed 8 Nov 1926, granted 6 Dec 1927. Describes a finger template, perpendicular work support, simultaneous cutting of mating parts, and a nonrotating guide around the bit: a "templet for guiding routing and other tools when cutting dovetails" [DJ2]. The Google Patents record lists original and current assignee as Individual; no Porter-Cable assignment appears in it (review fix 3 — the former reassignment claim is deleted). Carter is the same inventor the Router entry documents in the early electric router's development.
• 1953/56 — Eric Hartmann, US 2,764,191, "Dove-tail Template," Syracuse, New York, assignor to The Porter-Cable Machine Company; filed 18 Aug 1953, granted 25 Sep 1956. A jig holding workpieces perpendicular for a hand-guided router, with adjustment for rabbeted drawer fronts [DJ2]. Both patents arose in central New York; Phoenix is not Syracuse, and proximity does not establish continuity between them (review fix 3).
• 1958/62 — John Leslie Waite, US 3,057,383, "Jig for portable woodworking tool," GB priority 9 Jul 1958, granted 9 Oct 1962, assignor to A. Robinson & Company Limited, Lancashire — a British-priority patented design (review fix 9). No catalogue, product or object evidence of a commercial line is cited, and none is claimed; nor any link to the 1866 Robinson firm.
• 1977/79 — Donald Strong, US 4,163,465, "Apparatus for cutting dovetail joints," filed 17 Aug 1977, granted 7 Aug 1979 — a router on a vertically adjustable slide-bar carriage positioned by a chain-and-sprocket mechanism, not a template [DJ4].
• 1978/79 — David A. Keller, US 4,168,730, "Apparatus and methods for forming dovetail joints," filed 3 Jan 1978, granted 25 Sep 1979 — dovetail and pin bits each carrying a shank-mounted bearing, guided by matched templates; through dovetails in the base patent [DJ5]. Later Keller patents US 5,139,062 and US 5,199,477 cite it. Strong and Keller are near-contemporary filings of materially different mechanisms (review fix 8); no interference, derivation, assignment or litigation record is cited, and the former "priority race" framing and the Strong–Grisley assignee speculation are withdrawn — an assignee shown in another patent's citation table is not an assignment event.
• 1981/84 — Kenneth M. Grisley, US 4,428,408, "Dovetailing jig," filed 5 Oct 1981, granted 31 Jan 1984; European counterpart EP 0077143 B1, whose cited prior art includes Strong's and Keller's patents [DJ7]. Its background names the fixed-template limitation directly: "Since such a template has slots of a predetermined width and center to center spacing, the resulting pins and dovetails are of a uniform size and little choice is offered as to how the joint members are arranged," and presents movable guide fingers as the answer [DJ7]. Later assignee entries on this record (Vermont American Corporation; G & F Precision) are recorded as displayed and not interpreted.
• 2010–2017 — later Leigh patents US 8,534,329 and US 9,707,695. The 2023 assignment of US 8,534,329 from Leigh Industries Ltd. to Lee Valley Tools Ltd. is present in that patent's event record; it is not projected back onto earlier patents [DJ8][DJ29].

Company history (trade press). Chris Marshall, Woodworker's Journal (2011), from an interview with Matt Grisley: the family emigrated from England to Victoria, BC, in 1975; Ken Grisley worked at a sawmill in Quesnel, BC; built a Masonite-and-2×4 prototype around 1980, then a machined version; "Ken and Joan founded Leigh Industries in 1981," matching the patent filing; the company is named for Leigh-on-Sea; the TD515 (15° bit) was followed by the TD514 (14°) [DJ9]. Glen D. Huey, Popular Woodworking (2007), corroborates the family-business continuity [DJ10].

Contemporaries — the box-joint jig. Many dovetail jigs also cut box/finger joints with a straight bit or a dedicated accessory; which ones, and how, is model-specific (Leigh's box-joint fit uses an elliptical bushing) [DJ26][DJ17].

history

A patent-documented form-follows-failure step. Fixed templates (Carter, Hartmann) trade the hand-cutter's free layout for speed and repeatability; Grisley's patent names the resulting uniform spacing as its problem and answers it with movable fingers [DJ2][DJ7]. Stated at the strength the documents carry: the patents show disclosed mechanisms and the problem one inventor named, not market adoption.

Setup burden is system-specific (review fix 5). Adjustable-finger and many fixed-comb setups require test joints and iterative fit adjustment; the movable-finger design bought layout freedom at a setup cost that practitioners discuss (see human side). Bearing-guided Keller-style systems describe fit as fixed by matched template and bearing geometry, independent of depth and board thickness, and a 2001 Woodworker's Journal review (hosted by Keller) called Keller setup minimal with no test cuts required [DJ27][DJ28]. Leigh distinguishes a minimal-setup single-pass half-blind mode from its separately adjusted modes [DJ25].

✦ human side

• David Keller apprenticed under California furniture maker Art Espenet Carpenter before commercializing his jig; the claim that Carpenter's own shop jig inspired Keller's design, Keller's company details, and a "40 drawers per hour" production figure come only from search-synthesized secondary trade sourcing and are carried at reduced confidence [DJ6]. (The former secondary "first patent in 1977" date remains contradicted by the patent record — filed 1978.)
• Ken and Joan Grisley founded Leigh Industries in 1981; sons Matt and Steve Grisley later ran it [DJ9][DJ10].
• Porter-Cable Omnijig (16"/24") — positioned by retailer/reviewer sourcing as production-tier, now discontinued; introduction date not established [DJ11].

The craft-identity debate — attributed opinion, not a verdict on legitimacy.

• John Weeder, Woodworker's Journal: "Pocket screws are no more of a cheat than a Domino, biscuit joiner or a dovetail jig for a router" [DJ12].
• Andrew Dugas, same piece: hand-cut dovetails for custom furniture; jigs acceptable for contractor-grade work [DJ12].
• Christopher Schwarz, "The Jig Economy is a Scam" (2023): the router dovetail jig means you must "become a machinist who works to .001" and is willing to waste 20 scrap pieces to achieve one good joint"; he recalls a week learning the jig at Popular Woodworking in 1996 after learning hand-cut dovetails in a couple of days [DJ13]. One author's account of the systems he used.
• Sawmill Creek / LumberJocks threads: some judge jig-cut joints a visible tell in reproduction work; others find hand-cutting faster for one or two drawers and the jig worth it for volume — unattributed forum consensus [DJ14].

✦ proof of existence

Patent record (disclosed designs): Armstrong c. 1866–67 (identifier pending normalization) [DJ1]; Carter US 1,651,510 (1926/27) [DJ2]; Hartmann US 2,764,191 (1953/56) [DJ2]; Waite US 3,057,383 (1958/62) [DJ3]; Strong US 4,163,465 (1977/79) [DJ4]; Keller US 4,168,730 (1978/79) [DJ5]; Grisley US 4,428,408 (1981/84) and EP 0077143 B1 [DJ7]; Leigh US 8,534,329 and US 9,707,695 [DJ8].
Manufacturer documentation: Leigh D4R Pro instructions and safety chapter [DJ24]–[DJ26s]; Keller system pages and 2200 specifications [DJ27][DJ30].
Company history: Marshall 2011 [DJ9]; Huey 2007 [DJ10].
Gaps: no museum accession for a router-guided dovetail jig located; several secondary details (Keller company details, Omnijig introduction date, the Carpenter inspiration story, two Router Forums accounts) are search-synthesized and flagged.

references

Sources the reviewer named are given with URLs as he supplied them. Sources carried from Run 521 without an exact URL are marked "URL to be supplied" (review fix 12) and held at reduced confidence.

• [DJ1] DATAMP record, Armstrong dovetailing machine (identifier as recorded: "GB 186,602,001"). datamp.org — exact record URL to be supplied; identifier to be normalized. patent database
• [DJ2] Google Patents, US 1,651,510 A (Carter) — patents.google.com/patent/US1651510A/en; US 2,764,191 A (Hartmann) — patents.google.com/patent/US2764191A/en. primary patent records
• [DJ3] Google Patents, US 3,057,383 (Waite). primary patent record
• [DJ4] Google Patents, US 4,163,465 (Strong). primary patent record
• [DJ5] Google Patents, US 4,168,730 A (Keller) — patents.google.com/patent/US4168730A/en; US 5,139,062; US 5,199,477. primary patent records
• [DJ6] Secondary trade sourcing on Keller's founding, apprenticeship and throughput — search-synthesized; URL to be supplied. MODERATE-LOW
• [DJ7] Google Patents, US 4,428,408 (Grisley) and EP 0077143 B1. primary patent records
• [DJ8] Google Patents, US 8,534,329 B2 — patents.google.com/patent/US8534329B2/en; US 9,707,695. primary patent records
• [DJ9] Marshall, Chris. "Leigh Industries: A History of Evolution and Revolution in Jig-based Joinery." Woodworker's Journal, 22 Mar 2011. URL to be supplied. trade press, named interview
• [DJ10] Huey, Glen D. "Behind the Scenes: Leigh Industries." Popular Woodworking, 16 May 2007. URL to be supplied. trade press
• [DJ11] Retailer/reviewer sourcing on the Porter-Cable Omnijig — URL to be supplied. MODERATE
• [DJ12] "Pocket-Hole Pros and Cons," Woodworker's Journal (via Pocket-Hole Jig). trade press, named quotes
• [DJ13] Schwarz, Christopher. "The Jig Economy is a Scam." The American Peasant (Substack), 4 May 2023. named essay — the author's own account
• [DJ14] Sawmill Creek / LumberJocks, "Hand cut dovetails vs. dovetail jig" threads — URLs to be supplied. forum consensus
• [DJ15] (withdrawn: unnamed half-blind ½" offset sourcing — replaced by [DJ25].)
• [DJ16] Wealden Tool, Gifkins, Leigh, Axcaliber technical guides on offset math and template material — exact URLs to be supplied. manufacturer/retailer
• [DJ17] Wandel, Matthias. "Dovetail joint vs. box joint" — woodgears.ca/dovetail/dovetail_vs_boxjoint.html; later strength test — woodgears.ca/dovetail/strength.html. practitioner tests with stated geometry
• [DJ18] Router Forums injury account — search-synthesized, not fetched. LOW — quarantined
• [DJ19] Woodsmith; dovetailjigreviews.com on bit-depth calibration — URLs to be supplied. MODERATE
• [DJ20] Router Forums bit-exposure account — search-synthesized. LOW-MODERATE
• [DJ21] Gifkins, Leigh, Axcaliber on template material — URLs to be supplied. manufacturer/retailer claims
• [DJ22] Woodworker's Journal, "Dovetail Jigs: Handy Options to Handwork" — URL to be supplied. trade press
• [DJ23] dovetailjigreviews.com and forum consensus on test-cut waste and abandonment — URL to be supplied. reviewer/forum
• [DJ24] Leigh D4R Pro through-dovetail instructions — leightools.com/d4r-pro-how-to/. manufacturer instructions (the reviewer)
• [DJ25] Leigh D4R Pro single-pass half-blind instructions — leightools.com/d4r-pro-how-to-single-pass/. manufacturer instructions (the reviewer)
• [DJ26] Leigh D4R Pro features — leightools.com/d4r-pro-features/. manufacturer (the reviewer)
• [DJ26s] Leigh D4R Pro User Guide, Chapter 5 (safety) — leightools.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/User-Guide-D4R-Pro-Chapter-05.pdf. manufacturer safety instructions (the reviewer)
• [DJ27] Keller — "How the system works," parts 1 and 2 — kellerdovetail.com/performance/howitworks.html and howitworks2.html. manufacturer explanation; ease/productivity statements are manufacturer claims (the reviewer)
• [DJ28] Woodworker's Journal 2001 review, hosted by Keller — kellerdovetail.com/reviews/r-woodworkersjournal-2001.html. trade review, manufacturer-hosted copy (the reviewer)
• [DJ29] US 8,534,329 event record — 2023 assignment, Leigh Industries Ltd. → Lee Valley Tools Ltd. (this patent only). (The reviewer)
• [DJ30] Keller 2200 specifications — kellerdovetail.com/models/2200.html. manufacturer (the reviewer)

The reviewer's corrections (12)

• BLOCKER — Exact claim: The title/frontmatter and identity define the tool as "Comb/Finger Template + Guide Bushin …
• BLOCKER — Exact claim: Safety is largely inherited by reference from Router; the only concrete injury examp …
• BLOCKER — Exact claim: Hartmann/Porter-Cable is described as "the same city as Carter," and Carter's patent is sa …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: Fixed-spacing jigs, including Keller, are described as "one bit/template combination, unif …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: The access, correct-use, and beginner-trap sections present a steep, scrap-heavy calibrati …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: "Half-blind setup specifically requires the pins board offset 1/2\" from the tails board," …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: The draft calls 14° and 15° "included" bit angles and treats them as the common kit baseli …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: Strong and Keller are framed as a "genuine, close-run...priority race" at the hinge point …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: Waite's patent establishes "a parallel British commercial line," while patent grants and c …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: The antique machine is cited as "GB Patent 186,602,001" granted 2 August 1866, and is trea …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: The not-for section categorically excludes "structural/racking joints" and names chairs …
• SHOULD-FIX — Exact claim: Manufacturer and retailer statements establish that templates "should never wear" and that …